American Minorities and Sports Essay

Sports have always had an enormous impact on American society and culture. People use sports at all levels, whether it’s youth, high school, college or professional, to help build an identity, connect with others and grow as individuals. Even though American is a diverse country made up of different races, nationalities and ethnicities, discrimination has been in issue throughout America’s history. Sports took on an even greater meaning for some minorities during the 20th Century, especially Europeans and blacks. They used sports as a means of vertical mobility in order to advance themselves socially in America. The idea of social mobility was one concept that originally drew many immigrants to the country. Between 1880 and 1915, around 26 million immigrants moved to the United States, and about half came from several areas of Europe (Moore, 2011a). America offered the chance for people to better themselves and someone from any background could become successful and rise above their parents. During this time, Americans were already viewing sports as an important and democratic part of life, because it judged people on their talent and skill alone (Reiss, 1980). Competition was an opportunity to prove and show off your â€Å"manliness† and power. Sports were also seen as a way to gain vertical mobility, and for Europeans, it was a way to become more accepted into the American culture. Although they received more respect than blacks, they mostly were not considered truly â€Å"American† (Moore, 2011a). Boxing was a popular sport among young immigrants. Boxing was a sport that proved â€Å"manliness† and toughness, and turning professional meant chances to earn prize money. Most immigrants from Europe lived on the East Coast in cities that quickly became crowded and poor, and fighting was a functional skill to learn while living in the ghetto neighborhoods (Reiss, 1980). Boxing became a social ladder for ethnic groups since one group seemed to dominate until another group became better. Whoever were better boxers at the time were viewed as the tougher race. In the 1800’s and early 1900’s the Irish held most of the Heavyweight Championship titles, with boxers like John L. Sullivan, Jack Kilrain and Gene Tunney (Sowell, 1983). In the 1920’s and 30’s Jews began to have success in the ring, with 1913 being the only year in since the start of the century that there was no Jewish champion. In the two decade span they held 18 titles (Moore, 2011a). These champions were important to the Jewish in proving their worth to the country and countering the discrimination that the Nazis in Germany were trying to spread. Boxing for European ethnic minorities served as a way to prove their race’s toughness, and prizefighting was a way to leave the poor ghettos and make a decent life for themselves. Italians were slower than other groups in their involvement with sports. Between 1899 and 1924 about 4 million immigrated to the United States and settled in the crowded East Coast cities (Reiss, 1980). The Progressive movement was gaining popularity at the time, but because of their past in Italy, many Italians mistrusted governments telling them what to do and what their children should do (Moore, 2011a). However, 2nd generation Italian-American children were given opportunities to play sports through the creation of the Public School Athletic League. In 1905 historian Camillo Cianfarra tracked the Italian youth development in sports and observed: â€Å"In our public elementary school competitions, our children are not inferior to the children of other nationalities, in the lists of gymnastic [track and field] winners the Italian names appear quite frequently as they appear in the rosters of teams involved in inter-high school competition† (Reiss, 1980). Baseball soon became a popular sport with the Italians, and they became very successful with the sport. By the time of the Depression, Italians were becoming a majority in the Major Leagues (Moore, 2011a). Italians success in baseball gave them social mobility, but they were also still discriminated against. Some of the best players in the league in the 1930’s were Joe DiMaggio, Tony Lazzeri, Frank Crosetti and Ernie Lombardi (Baldassaro, 2005). Joe DiMaggio helped Italians gain more exposure and respect when he became the best player in the league and an American celebrity (Moore, 2011a). Blacks in the United States had similar involvement as the Europeans with ports and social mobility, although they faced much more discrimination and rejection than the other minorities. Blacks used sports as a main way to try and prove their equality to the rest of the country. They viewed successful black athletes as heroes and passionately supported them, and used them as a more subtle channel to showcase their fight against the discrimination and hate that they faced daily. Boxing featured several black champions and was a popular sport, just like it was with the European minorities. One of the earliest black champions was Peter Jackson, an Australian who won the Heavyweight Championship over there in 1886. He traveled to America in 1988 to fight John L. Sullivan, who held the Heavyweight Title, but Sullivan refused to fight him because he was black. Besides that setback, he was considered one of the best boxers of the time, and blacks loved him because he was a respectable man and proved black equality with his victories. Frederick Douglass at the time said, â€Å"Peter is doing a great deal with his fist to solve the Negro question† (Moore, 2011b). He was also respected within the white community because he never bragged or belittled an opponent (Moore, 2011b). People around the country of any race looked up to him as a role model. Although Peter Jackson helped gain some respect for blacks in white America, it wasn’t until Joe Louis that Americans found a black athlete that was embraced as an American hero. Louis was born in Alabama in 1914 as the son a sharecropper and great grandson of a slave. His family moved to Detroit in 1924 where he soon took up boxing. After ten years of hard work he won the Golden Gloves as a light heavyweight and his career took off from there. One of his biggest victories was against former heavyweight champion Primo Carnera in front of a crowd of 62,000 at Yankee Stadium (Official Site, n. d. ). Louis’s symbol as an American hero though didn’t fully happen until he avenged his loss against German champion Max Schmeling with a first-round knockout in 1938, during the time of the Nazi’s dominance in Europe. It was this victory that caused the American people to see him not as just another black fighter, but as an American hero. It helped to counter the impression of successful black athletes that Jack Johnson, the previous black heavyweight champion, had left, and in a way almost transcended his race (Schwartz, n. d. ). â€Å"What my father did was enable white America to think of him as an American, not as a black,† said his son, Joe Louis Jr. â€Å"By winning, he became America’s first black hero† (Schwartz, n. d. ). In the 1960’s, black athletes used the world’s biggest sporting stage to fight racism and show their protest against the discrimination that they were still facing. In October 1967 the Olympic Project for Human Rights was established by sociologist Harry Edwards and others, mainly athletes. The goal of the organization was to protest segregation and racism in sport and society. A boycott of the 1968 Mexico City Olympics was suggested but never happened, yet several members still used the Games as an opportunity for the organization. Many on the US Track and Field team wore black socks as support of the black community, or badges of the OPHR (Henderson, n. d. ). The most famous act of protest however was from sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who finished 1st and 3rd in the 200m final. On the medal podium, they each raised a fist while wearing a black glove. The act led to the International Olympic Committee president, Avery Brundage, suspending them from the rest of the competition and forcing them to leave (Moore, 1991). Although the protest had negative consequences for the sprinters, it was another key moment in sports that showed how the black community rallied around its athletes and used sports as a way to come together and fight for civil rights. Sports and competition were important in minorities efforts to advance in 20th century America through vertical mobility, although the reasons were different for each race. Europeans struggled with adjusting to a new country and culture, and sports helped serve as a way to assimilate more with the American culture and be accepted. Because of the large numbers of immigrants in the late 1800‘s and early 1900‘s, most lived in poor, crowded urban areas. Being successful in sports meant a chance to become professional, leave behind poverty, and make a life for yourself. It was essentially the â€Å"American Dream. † Sports had a slightly different meaning for black Americans. The United States was still a country of discrimination and oppression, and black society used their successful athletes to empower and unite them. Through heroes like Joe Louis, they fought against the discrimination and tried to prove their equality to whites. Both minorities in the 20th century viewed sports as a key tool in their struggle for acceptance in American society.

Second Periodic Test

PERIODIC EXAM ENGLISH Name: _________________________________Year & Section: _________________________ I. SPEAKING: DIRECTIONS: Tell whether the statements below use a RISING INTONATION or a RISING- FALLING INTONATION. Write R for rising and RF for rising-falling intonation. _____1. Have you study your lessons? _____2. I have seen the movie twice. _____3. When is the deadline for the submission of our project? _____4. Are you sure? _____5. She might be late. II. READING & LITERATURE A. DIRECTIONS: Use the articles A, AN and THE in the nouns below: 6.The leader of ___________ group is good. 7. _______ apple a day keeps the doctor away. 8. My father is ________ honorable man. 9. We went to _________ DILG office. 10. ______ new song is being played. B. DIRECTIONS: Select the reference material needed below. Write your answer on the space provided. _________________________11. The population of the Philippines in 1990. _________________________12. The meaning of the word â€Å"outrageou s†. _________________________13. The different kinds of insects. _________________________14. The color of the Japanese flag. ________________________15. The stress mark of the word â€Å"sedimentary. † ( YEARBOOK OR ALMANAC, ENCYCLOPEDIA, ATLAS, DICTIONARY ) C. DIRECTIONG: Supply the missing word in the analogy below: 16. School is to study as church is to ______________________. 17. Bark is to dog as buzz is to _______________________. 18. White is to good as black is to ___________________. 19. Sun is to day as moon is to ____________________. 20. Allah is to Muslim as Christ is to ___________________. D. DIRECTIONS: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 21.Who is the wife of Leon? a. Mariab. Emeliac. Lumnay 22. What did Mr. Angeles brought to his family? a. caretelab. beansc. mats 23. The following are dead children of Mr. Angeles EXCEPT†¦ a. Josefinab. Marcelinac. Victoria 24. He was the brother of Leon. a. Juanb. Antonioc. Baldo 25. She was the new wife of Awiyao. a. Madulimayb. Madulumnayc. Lumnay E. DIRECTIONS: TRUE OR FALSE. WriteT if the statement is true and F if it is wrong. ___26. Maria was afraid of Labang. ___27. The beads given to Lumnay by Awiyao will be given to Madulimay in the wedding. __28. All the children of Mr. Angeles have received a mat. ___29. Marcelina’s mat has a symbol of Aesculapius for she is a medical student. ___30. The passing at night at the Waig was one of the tests given by Leon’s father to Maria. ___31. Maria was a typical city woman. ___32. Maria was not accepted by the family of Leon. ___33. The mats brought by Mr. Angeles were special and unique. ___34. The reason of the separation of Awiyao and Lumnay was Madulimay. ___35. Lumnay joins in the wedding dance and finds also a husband. III. GRAMMAR A.DIRECTIONS: Identify the pattern of the sentences below. Write S-TV-DO or S-TV-IO-DO in the space provided. _________________36. Mr. Angeles gave Nanay Emilia a mat. _________________37. A wiyao left Lumnay. _________________38. Leon showed Maria the place. _________________39. Mr. Angeles brought presents. _________________40. Awiyao comforted Lumnay. _________________41. Mr. Angeles remembered his dead children. _________________42. Leon’s family accepted Maria. _________________43. Awiyao gave her the beads. _________________44. Lumnay offered Kabunian a pig. ________________45. Awiyao asked Lumnay a question. B. DIRECTIONS: Look for the prepositions in the poem below. Encircle a preposition only once. A thousand times in my dreams I have walked with you Hand in hand, down the glittery way Without a worry, not a care in the world, No sorrow, no torture, no dismay, There we were: two figures in the incessant night, Swallowed by the searing darkness Embraced by the fleeting sadness, And then we would look to the sky and see, The shining harvest of the distant stars, Our sky, our sky, my starlight, our sky sown with stars.

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Sure, he liked eating food, and he liked trying new experiences but this experience had not been on his to-do list. Castle had heard about this facet of human life, he knew about sex, he knew about procreation, but pleasuring one's self had never seemed very practical. There were a lot of human things that Castle found he didn't like, even though he thought he would Like†¦ So he was pleasantly surprised when he realized he had been wrong about masturbation all along.The way his body felt as he slid his hand up and down his hardened coco, the way his heart beat quickened with each pump of his wrist, and how he could not keep the soft moans and whimpers from escaping his throat. The closer he came to orgasm, the more his body tightened and coiled; he would dig divots into the mattress with his toes as they curled, and a bead of sweat would trickle down his ribcage as he pumped his wrist faster. His breath would come in quick, short gasps, and his eyes would flutter desperately as he brought himself closer to climax.Sometimes, he liked to power through the experience, making himself come quickly†¦ And then there were other times when he would rub his hands all over his body, pretending they were Dean's, moaning and begging please for release, teasing the sensitive head until a bead of pearly white would appear on his palm. Heat would pool in his stomach and then the overwhelming desire to pump his hips would drive him close to the edge of the bed, as finally release came, and he made a sticky mess on his hands and stomach. He tried to be quiet, but he was never good at silencing himself.He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door. Mouse-+ steps can you write saturation? 😀 *fans self*: Being human came with Its†¦ Deliquesces. Castle had heard about this facet of human life, he knew about sex, he knew about lot of human things that Castle found he didn't like, even though he thought he would like†¦ So he was pleas antly surprised when he realized he had been wrong He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door. Mouse ?+ steps can you write saturation? 😀 *fans self*: He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door.

The federalist paper #51 and American Politics Essay

The federalist paper #51 and American Politics - Essay Example The political system was proposed to constitute the Office of Federal President, Office of the Federal Vice President and Congress made up of Senates and House of Representatives. Powers were divided across the political system to hinder one level of the political system to make decisions without others’ approval and consent. Government system was also divided to comprise executive, legislature and judiciary. Now, to avoid over allegiance of judiciary to the executive, Federal paper #51 provided room for public to elect the qualified Federal judges in all states of America. Also, to avoid dependence and subjection of the judges by the mercies of the public, not all citizens were allowed to vote but just a section of the members of a state. According to Janda and Goldman, Judges were also set to serve under permanent basis upon successful election to the judiciary (34). Federal paper #51 also ensured that members of particular branch of government depended on other branches for compensation, and this was destined to introduce some degree of independence on the operations of the arms of government. Federalist paper #51 made it difficult up to date for any arm of government to perform functions or exercise powers outside the constitution framing. To enhance this, the Federalist paper#51 ensured that the constitution gives each branch of government tools and personal momentum to avert usurpation of power by the other (Janda, Goldman and Hula 10). The Federalist paper #51 also defined the role of government to the people of the US and vice versa. In the paper, government reflected the image of the nation and was obligated to respect human rights. Citizens were also set to obey the government and for this reason, security measures were set to protect the government from maltreating the citizens and later from mishandling or subjugating the government. This is the main reason why the American government does not make decisions that deteriorate human rights and that the public will also have no direct liberty to seek for the impeachment of executive thought to underperform (Janda and Goldman 6). The Federalist paper #51 provided the way to shape the American government as it gave balanced constitutional powers to all levels of the government and ensured that every action by the members of a given level fully reflect the interest of the public. Every level of government was also given the opportunity to dispute actions of members at the other levels in case the actions go against public interest. Executive has powers to censure judiciary but will only succeed upon justification by the legislature (Janda and Goldman 18). Legislature also has certain powers to present and pass bills but the success must rely on the Presidential signature with thorough speculation of the public interest. In order to protect the executive from the immense mercy of the legislature, Federalist paper #51 proposed for the division of the congress into Senate and Ho use of Representatives. Decisions or bill made by either divisions of the Congress relied on the approval of the other division before being forwarded to the president. However, the paper also provided circumstances where the Senate could work directly with the executive without necessarily seeking the participation

Four Arguments Research topics Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Four Arguments topics - Research Paper Example The strong turbulences in the global market, as a result of the recent financial crisis, have led many firms to change their HR strategies. Flexibility has become a key characteristic of job agreements. In regard to the workplace, flexibility can be related to different aspects of work, such as the duties incorporated in each role, the hours of work or the place of work. However, flexibility as an aspect of the workplace has been negatively criticized, especially when it threatens the rights of employees. The role of HR managers in managing flexibility in the workplace should be studied at the level that the expansion of conflicts across a business, as a result of too flexible job agreements, could harm the performance of business, either in the short or the long term. The recession of 2008 has highly affected the global market. Businesses have tried to secure their position by introducing strategies for increasing their competitiveness. Various tools have been employed for promoting the competitiveness of businesses in different industries. However, not all these tools have performed as expected. In this context, confronting competitors would be a challenging task for firms of all sizes. On the other hand, the success of many businesses in markets worldwide shows that increasing competitiveness is feasible even under strong market pressures. The effects of business activities on the environment have been extensively reviewed in the literature. It seems that business operations necessarily affect the environment but not at the lame level; firms with extensive supply chain and production networks are more likely to harm the environment, even if they have taken measures for promoting sustainability. On the other hand, MNs are difficult to be controlled, as of the mode and effects of their operations. At this point, the following question appears: why existing measures for protecting the environment from business operations have failed? In addition, are there

Credit rating of small business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Credit rating of small business - Research Paper Example Small businesses play an important role in the economy of many countries. More importantly, many of them rely on banks to finance their businesses. Granting of loans to small businesses is an intricate matter that requires the bank to gather information that helps it to assess the businesses’ ability to pay back the loan and not default (Frame & White, 2004). Hence, banks are resulting to using credit rating scores to determine if or if not to grant a loan to the business. The question is if bad credit rating means a bank should not grant a loan to a small business owner to expand or invest in his business? Why and why not? According to Petrovic and Davidovic (2011), loan granting to small businesses poses a test to banks. However, banks should give loans to small businesses based on their credit rating. It has been found that small businesses having in-between credit ratings are likely to rely on loans from banks. Conversely, for small businesses that have low ratings, evaluation fails to avail reason to grant loans as they are thought to have nothing to lose if they default (Petrovic & Davidovic, 2011). The credit rating of a small business borrower functions to envisage future acts that the borrower will without evaluation. Hence, a bad credit rating will imply that the bank should not grant a loan to the business as the credit rating serves to predict the actions of the business after getting the loan. The credit rating obtained aids in the formation of the bank’s decision (Diamond, 1991). On the other hand, bad credit rating should not be used to deny a small business a loan grant because banks do not have all the information concerning the borrower. Even if the bank obtains a good credit rating concerning the borrower that allows a bank to grant the small business a loan, the borrower may opt to default even if the business does

Residential School Healing and Resurgence Essay

Residential School Healing and Resurgence - Essay Example This essay declares that the list of negative consequences of residential schooling includes a loss of native language, destruction of culture, different types of chronic addictions, cases of broken families, feeling of cultural shame, interpersonal violence, inter-generational sexual abuse, and so on and so forth. This paper makes a conclusion that tthe government of Canada decided to establish the AHF or the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. It happened in March 1998, and the AHF's major concern was to address the legacy of abuse experience by Aboriginals in residential schools. However, it is not the only goal of the foundation. Other ones include promotion of healing between Canadians and residential school survivors by truth telling and acknowledgment of the mistakes made by Canadians in the past. In other words, this foundation and all of its programs are essential for Canada in terms of apologizing for the black parts of its history, and for residence school survivors in terms of having a chance to overcome the burden of the past. It has been identified that survivors of residential schooling should never be treated in isolation. Thus, practitioners taking part in the healing process encourage family, neighbours, friends, and the community at large to take part in the healing process. It is believed that a so-called collective healing is likely to enhance a strengthening of Anishinabe ethnocultural identity. This approach based on a combination of traditional and non-traditional healing practices is believed to be the most effective in terms of the problem.

An examination of forced marriages and its implications within the UK Dissertation - 1

An examination of forced marriages and its implications within the UK - Dissertation Example The significance of the topic, followed by the background and context are delineated to give emphasis on the emergence of the topic. Moreover, the literature review will be conducted so as to deliver the clear arguments, which will tend to stipulate implications under the last section. All of the contents in this paper will assist one to fathom the needs of alteration in a modern setting, and demand for growth especially by enforcing human rights mandates. 2.0 Aims 2.1. List of Aims To provide a background of forced marriage, in the absence of mainstream and commonalities that are happening in the contemporary setting today. To depict the current qualitative data of forced matrimony, so one can realise how the pace of growth has been sliding and giving birth into another bulk of detrimental concerns. To open the mind of the state that it is not the general welfare of the people that they are protecting if they focus on economic progress and development. 2.2 Interpretation of Aims Suc h aims are created to picture out the outcome of the contents of this paper. The first aim signifies that the paper will not only depict the nature of forced marriage as it has already been widely known, but also to provide the public that such notion has been claimed in different perspectives. The second aim shows the reality that such current record will make one ponder about what could the conduct be if consistent practice will be made. Lastly, the third aim will promote awareness to the public, especially to the state that forced marriage is something that can ruin the life of the people living in a particular nation that impedes social developments with its social policies that are unfounded with universal human rights. 2.3 Researcher’s Initial Ideas/Thoughts/Perspectives From the inception of the conduct of this paper, the researcher really thought that forced marriage has existed in the mainstream, and arrange marriage is different from it--which has been rectified. Ho wever, in the writer’s perspective, forced marriage was really detrimental, and it profoundly depicted violence against women, but did not classify it as a felony towards human rights. Generally, the writer believed that families resulting from forced matrimony can still be managed well, with love and care, especially when two persons begin to reside in one house. 2.4 Significance of the Topic The dearth of literature regarding the proliferating issues of forced marriage is an indication of delving into the topic deeper. For instance, a tiny notch of sociologists has been studying the issue, and their number depicts tolerance to the concern. To begin with the situation and the emerging victims, it is precise to know that the topic is far more than significant. When it comes to life and death situations, the public should commence on constructing resolutions rather than discussing the issue. However, because the issue has been neglected, educating first the public is the first phase before giving resolutions to the conduct. 3.0 Background and Context The issue is really set on the full consent and submission of oneself to be engaged in a conduct, which decisions involved are significant because it will dictate someone’s future. It has been an issue of threat or coercion, force, and dishonor, which one tries to escape from the reality just because someday or at this moment, he or she will tie with someone that is considerably a perfect stranger or an unwanted person. This should be the

Business opportunities in the leisure goods and activities industry Essay - 1

Business opportunities in the leisure goods and activities industry - Essay Example Even in the leisure industry, there are two types of recreation: firstly, when an individual participates in a physical activity such as playing football, cricket, hockey, tennis, squash, playing some music through piano, flute etc., doing some sort of gardening or acting. The other type of recreation is where the individual is not physically involved. Rather, it is the mental activity such as watching television, playing games on computer, listening to music, attending concerts, or going to a restaurant. The first type of recreation is very rewarding and motivating. On the other hand, the latter makes people feel good and relaxed. Huge amounts of income are being spent on activities such as eating, drinking, and watching movies in cinema. FACTORS AFFECTING LEISURE INDUSTRY Leisure goods and activities industry is no doubt expanding but, these sectors are greatly influences by the recessionary pressures. The most common factor that affects this sector is the disposable income. Althou gh, everyone pays attention to this sector but the expenditure is highest in those regions where consumers have plenty of time and money. For example, the UK boating industry acts as an area of strength for the UK manufacturing sector. The leisure boating sector is becoming around ?2 billion turnover industry. The industry which makes the greatest turnover and also generates job opportunities is the strength of a country. The growth of this industry has also increased the tourism activity in UK. Tourism activity is interrelated with other businesses, government and also the local residents. Tourism industry attracts a lot of labor and generates high income. Therefore, spending in the tourism industry benefits the economy on the whole. It also buys goods and services from others businesses and pays out salaries to the employees. This further buying of goods and services is known as the secondary sales and creates a secondary economic effect. It creates additional income and job oppor tunities in those sectors which provide to the tourism industry. The tourism industry would generate business for the beverage industry, the snack industry, construction industry and the government also. In UK, the imports of sporting goods, musical instruments and toys were ?6.6 billion in 2005 where as the exports were ?803 million. TRENDS IN LEISURE INDUSTRY Sports goods form a large proportion of the leisure goods industry. Sports are a major part of the entertainment culture. It is not linked to one industry, rather, a range of different industries are involved. Throughout the world, sports form a major part of the sales and purchases of a country. Taking an example of New Zealand, the gross output of sports sector increased by 2.5% per annum from 1996 to 1999, and it became the largest contributor of the sports clothing manufacturer. Real value added was up by 0.4% p.a. of the physical leisure industry. Nominal household expenditure increased by 16.6% p.a. over the period of 1 996-1999 in the coaching services and clubs sector (Goodchild et al. 2000). There is an increasing trend of leisure and entertainment as the technology has improved. Even though the leisure goods industry has been increasing but in 2011, the toys industry of the U.S. market has declined. The major manufacturers of the toys are the Chinese industry where inflation has hit very strongly. This inflation has

How Laughter Works Essay Example for Free

How Laughter Works Essay The essay that I chose from the book was the one by Marshall Brain â€Å"How Laughter Works†. I chose to write about this essay because this one is more in depth of where laughter actually comes from how its more than just jokes that people laugh at every day. Start off with a dash of sarcasm and a dash of vulgarity. At least that’s what my friends and I do. Laughter is a form of enjoyment towards one another. Means we are remotely comfortable to be openly laughing at something. Laughter is defined as â€Å"A voluntary reaction to certain external or internal stimuli.† It is also most commonly considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states such as joy, mirth, happiness, relief etc. Laughter usually occurs when one is comfortable to be around another person. Researchers believe that the purpose of laughter is related to making and strengthening human connections. A psychological study showed that laughter has its own name gelotology. Gelotology is from the Greek word â€Å"gelos† meaning laughter. Brain mentions people that are ticklish often wonder â€Å"Why can’t I tickle myself?† In order for tickling to work the brain needs tension and surprise. Obviously when you try to tickle yourself you know its coming so the brain does not react to you tickling yourself. But if someone starts to tickle you, your brain has that surprise and then you tense up. This made sense to me but not completely. Laughter also benefits one’s health and fight disease. The purpose of laughter is to relieve ourselves from stress of everyday life and laughter also increases our white blood cells and our immune system. Laughter releases endorphin which is the body’s natural pain killer and so is a pleasant act, producing a general feeling of well-being. Mental health professionals are suggesting â€Å"laughter therapy†, which teaches the patients to laugh at things that are not usually funny. It also helps the patients cope with difficult situations. Laughter just in general makes anyone feel great about one ’s self. Laughter is considered one of the best medic ations. Laughter predates human speech by millions of years, scientists think. It likely evolved as an early form of communication to help people negotiate group dynamics and establish hierarchy. Laughter nowadays is a form of expression. We rarely laugh when we are by ourselves but when we are with other people we laugh more out loud. People usually laugh at anything that they find humorous, even other people for the most part. For instance, The Darwin awards are stories about people who Brain mentions people make careers based on laughter, like comedians. No matter where you go, what city you visit, more than likely there will be a comedy club somewhere in that town. Or you can just go to the local bar and find amusement there. Comedy is also found on television. You can watch your daily dose of Scrubs or Friends and get your endorphins flowing. Laughter always helps other people get people out of a funk that they are in, laughter is contagious. When someone laughs it triggers circuits in our brains then a grin appears which makes more laughter happen. Brain said that depending on age, we laugh about different things. Like if you were a pre-teen in your teenage years basically they laugh at anything mentioning sex, peers, and food and authority figures. As you mature our taste in what we think is funny changes. As we get into adulthood, they usually joke about something less judgmental and more on specific things like referring to movies or plays etc. Brain made me think hard about this. As I read about the pre-teens and teenage years I was thinking what I joked about during that time, and he’s right. Even as we mature we joke around but our jokes now are not like what we used to joke about as kids. I never really thought about it until I read it in this essay. Brain also mentions researchers say that people often store their negative emotions of anger and sadness and fear rather than talking about it someone. Laughter releases all of that built up stress of keeping all of those emotions in. If we start to laugh too much or too hard we start to burst out into tears. Not in a bad way but a good way. This triggers our emotions and the tears are just squeezed out because we scrunch our face when we laugh. When we laugh harder it makes our body want to release some hormones, which are found in tears. The higher the hormones in the tears means the more you have stress. In this essay I believe Brain gave a lot of detailed information and actually made it an easy read. Going through I noticed Brain categorized every section so you knew what you were reading about and not confused about jumping from one subject to another. I did do some more research to verify and find something new on the subjects. Like how laughter was a form of communication 10 million years ago and how laughter is contagious, but I think everyone knows about that one. In Brains’ essay I have learned pretty much everything there is to know on laughter. Where it comes from, what we laugh at, and how it affects our health. I know we laugh about more than just jokes but I had no idea it helps our health. Basically laughter is a cure for anything nowadays. References Brain, M.(2009). How laughter works In , W.H Thelin (Ed.), Writing without Formulas (pp.428-435 ). Mason,OH ; Cengage Learning. Reflective Letter The essay I chose to do a critique on was â€Å"How Laughter Works† by Marshall Brain. This essay grabbed my attention because as I just skimmed the pages deciding which one I was going to read, this essay was very well organized and just by the titles of the sections it was very in depth. This essay was a good read in my eyes. If readers want to know basically the history of laughter or where it comes from, then I would suggest this to any reader. My main point of my essay is basically highlighting all the sections that Brain had wrote about. Brain fascinated me with all the in depth information about the brain itself and the functions of laughter. I believe the audience that would be interested in reading my paper are people who might have thought Brains’ essay was too long for them to read or basically someone who enjoys information more than just reading something to get a laugh out of it. Brains’ essay was filled with information basically over flowing, and I just highlighted some of the main points that he talked about in each section. As I read Brains’ essay, I took notes but I typed them so I could start paragraphs from them. I also did research on some of his topics that interested me , like the section of the brain where laughter or emotion comes from. At the beginning of writing my paper basically I had all these paragraphs typed but not in order, I just type what comes to mind. I then would read over all the paragraphs and try and make sense of them and put them in order. I then went through and edited the paragraphs that needed to be edited.

Keystone Foundation A Organisation Located At Kotagiri History Essay

Keystone Foundation A Organisation Located At Kotagiri History Essay Keystone Foundation, a Non-Governmental Organisation located at Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu. Keystone started their operations with the indigenous communities of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) in the year 1996. The idea for a livelihood intervention in the Nilgiris came up with a survey of the apiculture which the founders of Keystone took in the year 1994. This survey brought then in touch with the local communities living in the area and provided them an insight into the conditions of the tribal communities living in the NBR. The various issues faced by the local communities were as follows: Exploitation of tribal people by the middlemen/traders A lot of unfair practices with respect to weights and measures were being used by the middlemen The tribes had a poor bargaining power with the traders and had to sell their produce within days/weeks Most of the NTFP that the communities dealt with were directly linked to the problem of conservation of forests. The visit also provided them with more information about socio-cultural aspects of the communities. The larger issues of changes in land use, reduction in forest cover, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides came to the fore The Keystone foundation thus started its work in 1996 with the mission to enhance the Quality of life and the Environment with indigenous communities using eco-developmental approaches and sought to intervene in the NTFP space. Today, it has completed more than a decade in the Nilgiris and works with the communities on a whole lot of issues like apiculture, NTFP, water and land management, development of micro-enterprises and a whole lot of other issues that concern the people of this region. The communities impacted The NBR is home to a many indigenous communities. Hunting and food gathering are the prime occupation to many of these communities. The reserve contains various communities like Paniyas, Irulas, Kurumbas, Kuruchiyans, and Mullukurumbas etc. Each of these communities differs from the rest in some particular characteristic. Keystone works with the Kurumba and the Irula communities. Both the communities are pre-agricultural communities. Shifting agriculture was practised among the Irulas until some time ago. Today, most of these communities have settled down in a permanent place in the Nilgiris and have demarcated their land for agriculture. A mixed cropping system comprising of millets, maize, vegetable and fruits etc. is followed by the communities. Both Kurumbas and Irulas are primarily into honey hunting. While the former specialises in rock honey hunting the later community is involved in tree honey hunting. Both the communities are known for their methods of collection of plants ( for food and medicine) from the surrounding forests. The need for Intervention The intervention by Keystone Foundation was initiated to solve some of the following issues faced by the communities: The womenfolk of both the communities suffered from low blood count and anaemia. They often fell ill. Lack of nutritious food was one of the prime reasons for the low immunity which increased the susceptibility to diseases. Traditional practices which these tribes followed were on the decline. There was also a shift in the agriculture from food to plantation crops. Exploitation by middlemen and traders in the process of getting their produce to the market Degradation of forests at a rapid pace The Intervention Keystone planned its intervention in the following manner: Conduct a survey of flora and fauna available in the regions and document them. In addition to this, the various methods to harvest NTFP were also documented. Design a plan to obtain NTFPs from local sources at regular intervals Add value to the NTFP product through various means Set up a system of fair weights and measures together with a payments system that is transparent Generate employment opportunities for the tribal community in the process of value addition Help in setting up micro enterprises which will add value to the community through skill development Common Property Resources: The adivasi communities were dependent on common property resources like pasturelands for the purpose of agriculture. The manner in which these commons were use played an important part in the development of the community. The success of any institution built on these commons depended on the tenure rights the community had on the commons. There has been large scale encroachment on the commons and keystone had to work in clearing these hurdles before it could proceed further. The interests of other villagers in claiming forests as common property reduce if forests are encroached by a private owner. Old animosity also surface in collective actions in villages which can lead to a breakdown of the institution. Normally, lands are registered with a common title for the whole community in the case of adivasis. The very fact that the boundaries of these lands are not very clearly marked makes it difficult for the adivasi communities to claim them and easier for the private owners to encroach upon them. To help the villagers take up farming, Keystone first set out to help them demarcate their land. Staff from Keystone used GPS systems to identify the boundaries and marked them with plant species like Agave, Sapindus which were planted on these boundaries by the communities themselves. The identification of boundaries required many rounds of negotiations with the estate owners in area and also the help of forest guards. This helped many villages in recovering land for their common use. Around 27 acres that were taken away under a social forestry scheme was recovered by the villagers of Nedugalcombei. Vellericombei and Pudurcombei recovered 90 and 65 acres respectively. These plots were again demarcated by planting trees at the boundaries. In fact, Keystone with the support of villagers succeeded in recovering 80 acres of village land from Sajbhas Estate by getting into litigation for the same. This land has now been put to good use by cultivating millets, vegetables, coffee and spice s on it. The lands belonging to the adivasis in the Kotagiri and Coonoor regions have low biomass content. Most of these lands lie in the rain shadow region and are prone to landslips and erosions. Keystone supported the communities further by helping with the preparation of the lands that have been marked. This involved the process of building bunds and gully plugs of stone, helping to grow vegetative bunds on steep slopes and making contour trenches. The steps to improve the conditions of soil like mulching and increasing biomass were also undertaken. In addition to the above steps, Keystone also played the facilitators role in creating a nursery, a seed bank, improving the methods of irrigation used and helping then to use tanks made out of polyline from storing water. The villagers went through training courses in organic farming techniques which helped them to shift to the organic method. Additional capacity building measures in the form credit facilities and revolving fund was created for every group of farmers formed. These groups were formed in order to contribute labour to the land preparation activities. Each of the revolving funds was handled by the members of the co mmunity. Prior to the tasks of land preparation, Keystone engaged in a dialogue with the community to revive the traditional farming practices used by the community. An interaction between the elders and the youngster of the community help in bringing out many traditional practices and food recipes to the notice of the younger generation. Setting up of NTFP based micro enterprises Keystone Foundation set up micro enterprises to work on the processing of the non timber forest produce gathered by the villagers. These enterprises were set up with the following objectives in mind: To increase the income and employment in the village To help in improving infrastructure and knowledge skills of the tribals To help them understand the importance of adding value to the NTFPs so that they can obtain better returns for the same. The infrastructure for the enterprises was established by Keystone with the help of the donor funds it received for the purpose. The member of the community who were interested in getting involved with the functioning of the micro enterprises was grouped together. These groups governed the functioning of the community centres. The staff members from Keystone were involved in the day to day functioning of these centres and in the process the community members were also trained to do the same. These production centres were started with the aim of converting them into community managed institutions which were managed by the local community. The production centres were set up with the following factors in mind: Location: Each centre was located at a place that was easily accessible to the member of the various communities Processing: There was a restriction placed on the kind of NTFPs a centre could produce. Only the forest products that were available in plenty in the region were processed by that centre. Infrastructure: The provision for infrastructure was taken care by the foundation Management: The members of the community managed the functioning of the production centres. Protecting the commons One of the most used raw materials by the communities under the intervention of Keystone was the NTFPs. The usage of these had to be monitored regularly to prevent misuse and extinction of the resource. Keystone has come up with a good monitoring system in order to ensure that the stock of NTFPs is not used completely. The system works on the basis of trust within the community. As the tribal communities have a strong bond with each other, any action by any of the member will be known to the other members of the community. Keystone built a system of monitoring by the villagers that worked on this trust. The main features of the system were: Monitoring the farms of the group members by a villager. The people of the community took turns to perform the monitoring Frequent visits by Keystone staff to inspect the local farms. These visits also helped the staff to provide any suggestion to the member on how to improve on their farming methods This method of ecological monitoring that is followed by Keystone helps in maintains the livelihood of the members. A couple of examples of monitoring of the resource extraction are cited below: For NTFPs: The various characteristics of a new batch of honey that is brought in by the tribal are documented by Keystone. The documentation contains following data: Name of the honey hunters who extracted it The composition of the honey in terms of its water content The location of the hives i.e. the area where it is found and the height of the combs Details of the colonies of bees harvested etc Maps depicting the honey zones in the locality have been plotted. In order to maintain the gene pools, Keystone has labelled some of the locations as god cliffs. Any honey brought in by a new person is checked for its properties through various means before it can be accepted by the foundation. For cultivated produce: Keystone captures the various data of the farmers and verified any produce that is brought in using these records. This helps in keeping a check on over use of mismanagement of the resources. Leadership: At different stages in the intervention, Keystone foundation sought the help of leaders of the tribal communities for the mobilisation. As most of the tribal communities have closely knit society, the presence of the local leaders has played a very important role in the intervention by the foundation. With the setting up of seed banks and production centre, many of the locals were encouraged to take up leadership roles in the community. This ensured the continuous development of leaders with the villagers. Collective Entrepreneurship: Each of the production centres that processed the NTFPs gathered by the community members were managed by 4-6 members of the community. These centres were operated by these members on a rotational basis. The participants were all skilled in processing of NTFP that were gathered from the forests. These products produced were marketed at the Green Shop that were established by the foundation at selected locations. Conclusion The intervention by Keystone foundation in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve is an example of collective action on behalf of the tribal communities that inhabit this region. The initial phase of the intervention started off by getting the community members together to believe in collective action. Slowly over a period of time, with the support of the communities, Keystone was able to identify the commons and come up with a system of monitoring operated by the community members themselves. The controlled usage of the common resources led to an improvement in the status of the member of the communities. Keystone also succeeded in bringing about collective entrepreneurship among the tribes in order to market the products made by their people.

Importance of Ensuring That Others Are Aware Of Own Whereabouts

Importance of Ensuring That Others Are Aware Of Own Whereabouts 1.1 Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting. The Health and Safety at Work act 1974 relates to the general health and safety in a healthcare work setting. This acts as an umbrella for the other legislations which we must follow: MANUAL HANDLING OPERATION REGULATIONS 1992 -Moving Handling Techniques which are used to move people and objects in a manor which will avoid injury CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH 2002 (COSHH) carers should have a full understanding of disposing of and storing of all substance especially with regards Infection control. All carers must understand the importance of infection control whilst caring for individuals REPORTING OF INJURIES DISEASES AND DANGEROUS OCCURENCES 1995 (RIDDOR) The carer should have a good understanding of the requirements of reporting accidents and ill health FOOD SAFETY ACT 1990 Food Hygiene The carer should be able to cook, prepare and store foods which are safe and would avoid food poisoning. Describe the main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer. HEALTH SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974 This was the first act to protect all employees regardless of their work place. It puts the onus on the employer to create a safe working environment for all employees. It says the employer must ensure the health safety of all people on the premise sand to eliminate risks where ever possible. It also states that employers must maintain their safety and that of others with whom they work. The types of things you must do in relation to this act are: Attend all mandatory and any other relevant training eg. Manual Handling, Fire safety, S.O.V.A, Infection Control. Recognise and report signs of potential danger eg worn carpets, trailing cables, blocked fire exits Recognise and report signs of potential violence or abuse Report all accident in the accident book Never work if you are ill with a communicable illness, or under the influence of alcohol or drugs Follow COSHH regulations dispose of contaminated waste correctly. Store Dangerous substances correctly CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH2002 What are hazardous substances? This can include things such as chemicals, fumes, dust, vapours, mist, gases. It is most likely that the main hazardous substances you will encounter will be cleaning chemicals, clinical waste, soiled laundry and body fluids such as urine and blood. You will need to have a full understanding of the correct way to handle and store hazardous substances and also the correct way to dispose of them. Wear apron and gloves wash hands before and after to maintain infection control Store hazardous substances according to the manufacturers instructions Know correct procedure in the event of a spillage Dispose of hazardous waste in the correct manner REPORTING OF INJURIES DISEASES AND DANGEROUS OCCURENCES 1995 The reporting of accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement. All accidents and dangerous occurrences should be reported to the incident contact centre which was established in April 2001. Reportable diseases include: Certain poisons Some skin diseases such as dermatitis, skin cancer, ulcers Lung disease, including occupational asthma Reportable injuries include: Fractures other than fingers, thumbs or toes Amputation Burns Dislocation of shoulder, hip, knee or spine Carers should always report accidents in the accident book and to their Line Manager FOOD SAFETY ACT 1990 This act makes it an offence to offer a service user contaminated food which may be injurious to health. It is important as a carer that you check the date on food, ensure it has been stored correctly, and it is cooked correctly. Ensure it has not been contaminated by cross infection, therefore always wear appropriate PPE when handling and preparing food. The carer should be able to cook prepare and store foods which are safe and would avoid food poisoning. Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of: Self Take reasonable care for your own safety and that of others Co-operate with the employer in respect of health safety matters Not intentionally damage any health safety equipment or materials provided by the employer Using the systems and procedures correctly Reporting flaws or gaps in the systems, equipment or procedures in use the employer or manager Provide a safe workplace Ensure safe access to and from the workplace provide information on health safety provide health safety training undertake risk assessments for al hazards Update systems and procedures others in the work setting Express their needs and preferences in the area of their health and well-being Individuals should be encouraged to understand and take responsibility for promoting their own health care Assess and manage risks to their health and well-being Identify and report any factors that may put themselves or others at risk Visitors to sign in on arrival and wear id badges if appropriate Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should not be carried out without special training Carers should not complete any tasks they do not feel competent to do or which they have not been fully trained to carry out. This could include: Manual handling Medication Health emergencies Explain how to access additional support and information relating to health and safety Any support or advice Ii need with regards Health safety can be obtained from my line manager or from the workplace policies and procedures. Understand the use of risk assessments in relation to health and safety Explain why it is important to assess health and safety hazards posed by the work setting or by particular activities It is important to risk assess health and safety hazards at work because they may cause harm or loss of life to members of the workforce. This would then result in the owner of a company being sued and prosecuted that is why risk assessment is needed. Explain how and when to report potential health and safety risks that have been identified I would report health and safety concerns to my line manager, and would report these as soon as they come into direct contact with me. It is my duty as a Care Worker to report any potential health and saftefy risks that have been identified, in conjunction with the GSCC Code of practice, which states; Bringing to the attention of your employer or the appropriate authority resource or operational difficulties that might get in the way of the delivery of safe care. Informing your employer or an appropriate authority where the practice of colleagues may be unsafe or adversely affecting standards of care. The Health Safety at work Act 1974 also states that employers must maintain their safety and that of others with whom they work. Explain how risk assessment can help address dilemmas between rights and health and safety concerns Risk assessment can address dilemmas with rights and health and safety because clients can express their own rights to do what they want even though it can be defined as risky behaviour. If it is documented and a risk management plan is put in place the company can cover their own backs if anything goes wrong whilst a client is participating in risky behaviour. Understand procedures for responding to accidents and sudden illness Describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting The most common types of accidents are: Slipss due to spills/Wet areas (bathrooms) Trips due to trailing wires/Objects left lying around/Frayed carpets, Falls out of bed/down steps/stairs The types of sudden illness could be: Sickness diarrhoea, food poisoning, stroke, heart attack, shingles, influenza, scabies Outline the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 Carers have legal duties under RIDDOR that require us to report and record some work-related accidents by the quickest means possible. Any major injuries must be reported to RIDDOR immediately. This includes fractures other than to fingers, thumbs and toes and loss of sight (Temporarily or permanently) Any injury which occurred at work and causes a person to be off work for over 3 days must be reported. Be able to reduce the spread of infection Demonstrate the recommended method for hand washing Demonstrate ways to ensure that own health and hygience do not pose a risk to others at work Wash hands before and after attending a service user Wear PPE when assisting individuals with personal care Dont attend work if you have a contagious illness Be able to move and handle equipment and other objects safely Identify legislation that relates to moving and handling Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The employer must : decide what could harm you in your job and the precautions to stop it. This is part of risk assessment. In a way you can understand, explain how risks will be controlled and tell you version of pocket card who is responsible for this. Consult and work with you and your health and safety representatives in protecting everyone from harm in the workplace. Free of charge, give you the health and safety training you need to do your job Free of charge, provide you with any equipment and protective clothing you need, and ensure it is properly looked after. Carer must: Follow the training they have received when using any work items the employer has provided . Take reasonable care of their own and other peoples health and safety Co-operate with their employer on health and safety. Tell someone if they think the work or inadequate precautions are putting anyones health and safety at serious risk Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 avoid hazardous manual handling operations so far as reasonably practicable; assess any hazardous manual handling operations that cannot be avoided; and reduce the risk of injury so far as reasonably practicable. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 PUWER In general terms, the Regulations require that equipment provided for use at work is: suitable for the intended use safe for use, maintained in a safe condition and, in certain circumstances, inspected to ensure this remains the case; used only by people who have received adequate information, instruction and training accompanied by suitable safety measures, eg protective devices, markings, warnings. Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (1992) -LOLER Generally, the Regulations require that lifting equipment provided for use at work is: strong and stable enough for the particular use and marked to indicate safe working loads; positioned and installed to minimise any risks; used safely, ie the work is planned, organised and performed by competent people; and subject to ongoing thorough examination and, where appropriate, inspection by competent people. 5.2 Explain principles for moving and handling equipment and other objects safely Avoid hazardous manual handling operations so far as is reasonably practicable, for example by redesigning the task to avoid moving the load or by automating or mechanising the process. Make a suitable and sufficient assessment of any hazardous manual handling operations that cannot be avoided. Reduce the risk of injury from those operations so far as is reasonably practicable. Where possible, you should provide mechanical assistance, for example a sack trolley or hoist. Where this is not reasonably practicable, look at ways of changing the task, the load and working environment Move and handle equipment or other objects safely Ensure you attend manual handling training on a regular basis Check the equipment is in a clean, safe working condition before use Check the environment for obstructions, trip hazards Avoid manual handling operations where reasonably practical Always use equipment that is provided Wear appropriate footwear and clothing Check the individuals care plan risk assessment Communicate with the individual and other staff how the move will take place Report any changes to the individuals mobility for risk assessment reassessment Know how to handle hazardous substances and materials Identify hazardous substances and materials that may be found in the work setting Cleaning chemicals such as bleach clinical waste e.g. Soiled pads, soiled dressings, used sharps soiled laundry body fluids such as urine and blood Describe safe practices for: Storing hazardous substances Every workplace must have a COSHH file. The file lists all the hazardous substances used in the workplace. It should detail: Where they are kept How they are labelled Their effects The maximum amount of time it is safe to be exposed to them How to deal with an emergency involving one of them Hazardous substances such as cleaning materials should be returned to a locked cupboard at all times, and always stored in their original container, then ensured that clearly labelled. This is to avoid service users being able to obtain and accidentally swallow them. Using hazardous substances When using or handling hazardous substances the Carer should wear appropriate PPE, which would include gloves, apron, mask, and eye shield depending on what the substance is. For example, The COSHH Approved code of Practice (ACoP) recommends that exposure be prevented by: Altering work methods so that the task that causes exposure is no longer carried out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, the Carer should be aware that mixing common household cleaning products such as bleach, chlorine or other similar general home cleaning products can cause serious injuries and respiratory problems: Common cleaning products may be dangerous when mixed. Therefore the Carer must be aware of the following when carrying out tasks within the service users home: Do not mix bleach and ammonia. Do not mix bleach and acids. Do not use two drain cleaners together, or one right after the other. The following are some of the chemicals that may be hazardous if mixed/not used correctly: Ammonia: In addition to ammonia purchased as a cleaning product, ammonia may be found in the following: some glass and window cleaners urine (be careful if you clean cat litter boxes or use a diaper pail) some interior and exterior paints. Acids: Products containing acids include: vinegar some glass and window cleaners some automatic dishwasher detergents and rinses some toilet bowl cleaners some drain cleaners some lime, calcium and rust removal products some brick and concrete cleaners Dangers of mixing these common cleaning products include: Mixing bleach and ammonia: When bleach is mixed with ammonia, toxic gases called chloramines are produced. Exposure to chloramine gases can cause: coughing shortness of breath chest pain wheezing nausea watery eyes irritation to the throat, nose and eyes pneumonia and fluid in the lungs Mixing bleach and acids: When chlorine bleach is mixed with an acid, chlorine gas is given off. Chlorine gas and water combine to make hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. Chlorine gas exposure, even at low levels, almost always irritates the mucous membranes (eyes, throat, and nose), and causes coughing and breathing problems, burning and watery eyes, and a runny nose. Higher levels of exposure can cause chest pain, more severe breathing difficulties, vomiting, pneumonia, and fluid in the lungs. Very high levels can cause death. Chlorine can be absorbed through the skin, resulting in pain, inflammation, swelling, and blistering. Hydrochloric acid also causes burns to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, mouth and lungs. Mixing bleach and other cleaning products: Bleach also reacts with some oven cleaners, hydrogen peroxide, and some insecticides. With the above cautions in mind the carer should therefore ensure their own safety and the safety of the Service User by ensuring the following, when deemed appropriate and necessary: modifying the process to remove hazardous substances, including by-products or waste substituting the hazardous substance with a less hazardous type or form of the substance, e.g. using granules instead of powder to reduce dust levels or a less volatile solvent in a process. If exposure cannot be prevented, it must be adequately controlled. The hierarchy of control measures can be summarised as follows. Eliminate Dont use the hazardous substance or avoid the procedure which causes exposure. Substitute Change the material or working practice to one less hazardous. Enclose Enclose the hazardous substances or process in a closed system. Disposing of hazardous substances and materials The Carer should always ensure clinical waste is placed into the yellow bag (if available) or double wrapped in a plastic bag, soiled linen into the correct laundry bag, sharps into the used sharps bin. Other chemicals should be disposed of as indicated on the label. All clinical waste handling and disposal procedures must comply with The controlled Waste Regulations, The environmental Protection Act including Duty of care regulations, The carriage of Dangerous Goods Regulations and the Hazardous Waste Regulations. All these regulations come under the umbrella regulation The Environment Protection Regulations (Waste Disposal). Understand how to promote fire safety in the work setting Describe practices that prevent fires from: Starting and spreading No smoking on the premises except in designated areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" check workplace polices No candles to be lit in the building à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" check workplace policies Ensure fire doors are kept closed Attend regular fire safety training Know where alarms, extinguishers, fire blankets can be located in the building and how to use them Regular fire drills Ensure empty boxes etc are disposed of outside the building immediately they are empty Dont leave open flames unattended in the kitchen. Dont leave electric irons unattended Dont leave flammable items near heat source Outline emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting Each workplace will have their own procedures which must be followed in the case of an emergency. All workplaces must display information about what actions to take in case of fire. The procedure is likely to be similar to: Raise the alarm Dial 999 Ensure that everyone is safe and out of danger If it is safe to do so, attack the fire with the correct extinguisher Go to the fire assembly point (This will be stated on the fire procedure notice) Do not return to the building for any reason Explain the importance of maintaining clear evacuation routes at all times The Fire Precautions (Workplace) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 requires that all workplaces should be inspected by the fire authority. Part of the regulation states that routes to emergency exits from a workplace and exits themselves are kept clear at all times and that all emergency exits and routes lead as directly as possible to a place of safety. This is important for the safety of yourself, the service users, colleagues and any visitors to the building 8 Implement Security measures in the work setting Use agreed ways of working for checking the identity of anyone requesting access to: Premises: Check workplace procedures. The identity of all visitors to the workplace should be checked. This can be done in a variety of ways Check their id card Check with the person they have the appointment with All visitors should sign in the visitors book. This aids the number count in case of a fire. If someone wanted to gain access to the premises while I was at a service users property, I could phone my line manager to confirm whether I am scheduled any visits from anyone. Open the door on latch and get the person to present some identification to who they are and what they want. If I am still suspicious, phone the police. Implement measures to protect own security and the security of others in the work setting If anyone requests information on a client, I would refer them to my manager if they are claiming to be a fellow healthcare professional. My manager would have a better insight as to who is involved in a persons care and should be able to pass them onto the companys Caldecott Guardian who protects all confidential information within the company. Practicing safely and professionally will protect own security and others in the workplace, such as following policies and procedures, reading my service users personal care plan and risk assessments, and just basically knowing my job inside out and practicing in a safe manner. 8.3 Explain the importance of ensuring that others are aware of own whereabouts The importance of letting others know where you are helps stop staff getting kidnapped or assaulted whilst in a clients house. Also, if there is a fire in a building and you sign in, the fire brigade know exactly how many people are left in that building when it comes to evacuating it. 9 Know how to manage own stress 9.1 Identify common signs and indicators of stress Common signs of stress are depression, anxiety, insomnia, mood swings, and illness due to lower immune system. 9.2 Identify circumstances that tend to trigger own stress Circumstances that tend to trigger my own stress are over tiredness and dealing with complex traumas. 9.3 Describe ways to manage own stress I manage stress through my days off, exercise, eating a healthy diet and maintaining a healthy sleep pattern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are all vital for my own well-being and therefore enable me to be more professional and proficient in my work role and duties.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allen Poe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many a great author have come to inhibit to the world distinguished literary merit, some to be considered masterpieces of novelty, others to be frowned upon for not meeting the requirements of civilized society. Edgar Allen Poe was one of the authors frowned upon because his talent of writing was based on bringing out the fears and deep suspense of which a single person can barely hold on to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore’† take into account the essence of this single phrase used in Poe’s writing, so simple; and yet so strategically placed as to pull the reader deeper and farther into Poe’s own imagination; as to for just a moment cause the reader to be Poe, see as Poe, think as Poe, and for even shorter a moment experience the fear and enthrallment that Poe faces while writing his novels. Edgar Allen Poe had a way to manipulate the mind, to cause what people feared and loathed to come to life; but at the same time keep a distinctive grasp on any who read his literature, once a story or poem was began it was a trap that pulled you in and held on, the only way out was to finish the whole way through. Somehow, Poe initiated a method of incorporating suspense and trickery into his novels and poems, a reader may be anxious to get to the end and find out what was the final occurrence was; while at the same time the read er knew that paying attention to the story carefully, was of vital importance to understand why, what happened at the end happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allen Poe was quite good at using guilt as a side effect; he would cause the antagonist of his stories to think of themselves as the better people when they would commit deeds of revenge and or trickery. But what normally began as pride or reason for the deed would quickly be reversed within time to guilt and pain. Poe had a way of describing the pain of others, especially guilt he would find distinctive phrases and or words that would describe pain as unending and inescapable, to a point of anxiety where you don’t think you can take much more and just at that exact moment; at the apex of the climactic sequence Poe would deliver an astonishing blow that would cause you to slow back down and relax at the stories end. Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers Edgar Allen Poe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many a great author have come to inhibit to the world distinguished literary merit, some to be considered masterpieces of novelty, others to be frowned upon for not meeting the requirements of civilized society. Edgar Allen Poe was one of the authors frowned upon because his talent of writing was based on bringing out the fears and deep suspense of which a single person can barely hold on to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore’† take into account the essence of this single phrase used in Poe’s writing, so simple; and yet so strategically placed as to pull the reader deeper and farther into Poe’s own imagination; as to for just a moment cause the reader to be Poe, see as Poe, think as Poe, and for even shorter a moment experience the fear and enthrallment that Poe faces while writing his novels. Edgar Allen Poe had a way to manipulate the mind, to cause what people feared and loathed to come to life; but at the same time keep a distinctive grasp on any who read his literature, once a story or poem was began it was a trap that pulled you in and held on, the only way out was to finish the whole way through. Somehow, Poe initiated a method of incorporating suspense and trickery into his novels and poems, a reader may be anxious to get to the end and find out what was the final occurrence was; while at the same time the read er knew that paying attention to the story carefully, was of vital importance to understand why, what happened at the end happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allen Poe was quite good at using guilt as a side effect; he would cause the antagonist of his stories to think of themselves as the better people when they would commit deeds of revenge and or trickery. But what normally began as pride or reason for the deed would quickly be reversed within time to guilt and pain. Poe had a way of describing the pain of others, especially guilt he would find distinctive phrases and or words that would describe pain as unending and inescapable, to a point of anxiety where you don’t think you can take much more and just at that exact moment; at the apex of the climactic sequence Poe would deliver an astonishing blow that would cause you to slow back down and relax at the stories end.

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Essay -- King Lear Shakespeare Essay

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Lear: By Jupiter, I swear no! Kent: By Juno, I swear ay. In The Tragedy of King Lear, particularly in the first half of the play, Lear continually swears to the gods. He invokes them for mercies and begs them for destruction; he binds both his oaths and his curses with their names. The older characters—Lear and Gloucester—tend view their world as strictly within the moral framework of the pagan religion. As Lear expresses it, the central core of his religion lies in the idea of earthly justice. In II.4.14-15, Lear expresses his disbelief that Regan and Albany would have put the disguised Kent, his messenger, in stocks. He at first attempts to deny the rather obvious fact in front of him, objecting â€Å"No† twice before swearing it. By the time Lear invokes the king of the pagan gods, his refusal to believe has become willful and almost absurd. Kent replies, not without sarcasm, by affixing the name of the queen of the gods to a contradictory statement. The formula is turned into nonsense by its repetition. In contradicting Lear’s oath as well as the assertion with which it is coupled, Kent is subtly challenging Lear’s conception of the universe as controlled by just gods. He is also and perhaps more importantly, challenging Lear’s relationship with the gods. It is Kent who most lucidly and repeatedly opposes the ideas put forth by Lear; his actions as well as his statements undermine Lear’s hypotheses about divine order. Lear does not find his foil in youth but in middle age; not in the opposite excess of his own—Edmund’s calculation, say—but in Kent’s comparative moderation. Likewise the viable alternative to his relationship to divine justice is not shown by Edmund with his ... ...wo of them as â€Å"God’s spies† (Lear, V.3.17). This is the first time that Lear refers to God rather than a god or gods. In this metaphor, he and Cordelia are God’s employees and dependents rather than a necessary part of a natural order. He does not form his divine reference as an oath; he neither commands nor supplicates. It is a sweet vision and a sharp contrast to Lear’s earlier invocations of the gods. Were there some divine preceptor bent on teaching Lear an earthly lesson, he could safely say that it was learnt. But the play, of course, continues. What is important, finally, is not that Lear learns, but that we the audience learn. One of the most important aspects of this learning is anticipated by Kent, who first points out that any invocation of Jupiter can be countered by an opposite invocation of Juno to the same effect, which is to say none at all.